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Pengenalan Algoritma

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Posted by edy winarno on March 5, 2010 at 1:30 am

Algoritma
Ditinjau dari asal usul katanya kata Algoritma sendiri mempunyai sejarah yang aneh. Orang hanya menemukan kata Algorism, yang berarti proses pengerjaan arithmatika (penghitungan) dengan menggunakan angka Arab : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Para ahli bahasa berusaha menemukan asal kata ini namun hasilnya kurang memuaskan. Akhirnya para ahli sejarah matematika menemukan asal kata tersebut yang berasal dari nama penulis buku arab yang terkenal yaitu Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibnu  Musa Al-Khuwarizmi. Al-Khuwarizmi dibaca orang barat menjadi Algorism. Al-Khuwarizmi menulis buku yang berjudul Kitab Al Jabar Wal-Muqabala yang artinya “Buku pemugaran dan pengurangan” (The book of restoration and reduction). Dari judul buku itu kita juga memperoleh akar kata “Aljabar” (Algebra).
Pada abad pertengahan perhitungan dengan abacus menggunakan algorism, sehingga algorism lebih dikenal sebagai algiros (painfull) + arithmos (number). Perubahan kata dari Algorism menjadi Algorithm muncul karena kata Algorism sering dikelirukan dengan Arithmetic, sehingga akhiran –sm berubah menjadi –thm. Karena perhitungan dengan angka Arab sudah menjadi hal yang biasa, maka lambat laun kata Algorithm berangsur-angsur dipakai sebagai metode perhitungan (komputasi) secara umum, sehingga kehilangan makna kata aslinya. Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, kata Algorithm diserap menjadi Algoritma.
Algoritma merupakan basic semua pemrograman komputer. Arti modern algoritma : sebagai resep, proses, metode, teknik, prosedure, routine.
Menurut Donald E Knuth algoritma harus memenuhi persyaratan;

1). Finiteness
Algoritma harus berakhir (terminate) setelah melakukan sejumlah langkah proses

2). Definiteness
Setiap langkah algoritma harus didefinisikan dengan tepat dan tidak menimbulkan makna ganda (ambiguous). Karena itu maka sebetulnya cara paling tepat untuk menuliskan algoritma adalah dengan menggunkan formal language (bahasa pemrograman komputer).

3). Input
Setiap algoritma memerlukan data sebagai masukan untuk diolah. Algoritma yang tidak memerlukan masukan apa-apa sebetulnya tidak begitu bermanfaat karena jumlah kasus yang dapat diselesaikan juga terbatas.

4). Output
Setiap algoritma memberikan satu atau beberapa hasil keluaran.

5). Effectiveness
Langkah-langkah algoritma dikerjakan dalam waktu yang wajar.
Sebagai basis pemrograman komputer, algoritma mendeskripsikankan urutan langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk pemecahan masalah (penyelesaian persoalan), yang memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut;

1)     selalu memiliki terminasi/langkah akhir
2)     setiap langkah dinyatakan secara jelas dan tegas
3)     setiap langkah sederhana, sehingga kinerjanya sehubungan dengan waktu yang effisien/bisa diterima akal
4)     memberikan hasil (output), mungkin dengan satu atau tanpa input.

Proses Pemrograman
Proses pemecahan masalah dengan algoritma tertentu hingga menjadi program dapat dibagi dalam sembilan tahap;

1)     Mendefinisikan masalah
Masalah yang ingin dipecahkan harus jelas lingkupnya.

2)     Membuat model
Yang dimaksud model adalah bentuk matematis yang dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah, misalnya apakah harus dilakukan pengurutan terhadap data, apakah menggunakan perhitungan kombinatorik, dan sebagainya.

3)     Merancang algoritma (berupa  flowchart/pseudocode)
Apa maksudnya, bagaimana rincian prosesnya, apa keluarannya,  dan lain-lainnya

4)     Menulis program
Ubah algoritma menjadi program (source code) dalam bahasa pemrograman tertentu.

5)     Mengubah source code menjadi executable code melalui proses compiling.
6)     Memeriksa hasil compiling, jika ada kesalahan maka kembali ke tahap empat.

7)     Menjalankan program (run) untuk diuji kebenarannya dengan menggunakan berbagai data

8)     Memperbaiki kesalahan (debugging dan testing)
Apabila hasilnya salah, kesalahan mungkin terjadi saat konversi rancangan algoritma menjadi program, atau salah rancang algoritma, atau salah menentukan model, atau salah mendefinisikan masalah. Ulangi langkah yang sesuai.

9)     Mendokumentasi program bila sudah benar.

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Edy Winarno-Blogger-Author sekaligus dosen di Program Studi Teknik Informatika Universitas Stikubank (UNISBANK) Semarang. Penulis adalah alumnus S2 Sistem Komputer & Informatika - Teknik Elektro UGM Yogyakarta. Saat ini sedang melanjutkan studi S3 dengan beasiswa BPPS di Program Studi Ilmu Komputer UGM. Penulis juga merupakan penulis buku-buku di Elexmedia Komputindo . Penulis bisa dihubungi di edywinarno3[at]gmail.com atau edy_winarno[at]yahoo.co.id

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