Public Key Cryptography

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Posted by edy winarno on November 23, 2009 at 10:55 am

Kriptografi merupakan kumpulan teknik untuk mengkodekan data dan pesan sedemikian sehingga data dan pesan tersebut dapat disimpan dan ditransmisikan dengan aman. Berikut ini beberapa terminologi dasar dari kriptografi serta hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan terminologi tersebut:

â€¢ Kriptografi dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan keamanan komunikasi meskipun komunikasi tersebut dilakukan dengan media komunikasi yang sangat tidak aman (misalnya Internet). Kita juga dapat menggunakan kriptografi untuk melakukan enkripsi file-file sensitif kita, sehingga orang lain tidak dapat mengartikan data-data yang ada
â€¢ Kriptografi dapat digunakan untuk memberikan jaminan integritas data serta menjaga kerahasiaan
â€¢ Dengan menggunakan kriptografi, maka sangat mungkin untuk meverifikasi asal data dan pesan yang ada menggunakan digital signature
â€¢ Pada saat menggunakan metoda kriptografi, hanya kunci sesi yang harus tetap dijaga kerahasiannya. Algoritma, ukuran kunci dan format file dapat dibaca oleh siapapun tanpa mempengaruhi keamanan.

Kriptografi memungkinkan beberapa operasi atau proses terhadap data. Dua buah operasi dasar adalah enkripsi (dengan dekripsi sebagai proses balikannya) dan signing (dengan verifikasi dari signature sebagai proses balikannya). Enkripsi analog dengan memasukkan surat kedalam sebuah amplop sedangkan dekripsi analog dengan membuang amplop dan mengambil data. Signature analog dengan pemberian tanda-tangan terhadap sebuah dokumen dan penanda bahwa dokumen tersebut tidak berubah dari aslinya.

Public Key Cryptography dan Fungsi Satu Arah

Public key cryptography (lawan dari symmetric key cryptography) bekerja berdasarkan fungsi satu arah. Fungsi yang dapat dengan mudah dikalkulasi akan tetapi sangat sulit untuk dibalik/invers atau reverse tanpa informasi yang mendetail. Salah satu contoh adalah faktorisasi; biasanya akan sulit untuk memfaktorkan bilangan yang besar, akan tetapi mudah untuk melakukan faktorisasi. Contohnya, akan sangat sulit untuk memfaktorkan 4399 daripada memverifikasi bahwa 53 x 83 = 4399. Public key cryptography menggunakan sifat-sifat asimetrik ini untuk membuat fungsi satu arah, sebuah fungsi dimana semua orang dapat melakukan satu operasi (enkripsi atau verifikasi sign) akan tetapi sangat sulit untuk menginvers operasi (dekripsi atau membuat sign) tanpa informasi yang selengkap-lengkapnya.
Public key cryptography dilakukan dengan menggabungkan secara kriptografi dua buah kunci yang berhubungan yang kita sebut sebagai pasangan kunci publik dan kunci privat. Kedua kunci tersebut dibuat pada waktu yang bersamaan dan berhubungan secara matematis. Secara matematis, kunci privat dibutuhkan untuk melakukan operasi invers terhadap kunci public dan kunci publik dibutuhkan untuk melakukan operasi invers terhadap operasi yang dilakukan oleh kunci privat.
Jika kunci publik didistribusikan secara luas, dan kunci privat disimpan di tempat yang tersembunyi maka akan diperoleh fungsi dari banyak ke satu. Semua orang dapat menggunakan kunci publik untuk melakukan operasi kriptografi akan tetapi hanya orang yang memegang kunci privat yang dapat melakukan invers terhadap data yang telah terenkripsi tersebut. Selain itu dapat juga diperoleh fungsi dari satu ke banyak, yaitu pada saat orang yang memegang kunci privat melakukan operasi enkripsi maka semua orang yang memiliki kunci publik dapat melakukan invers terhadap data hasil enkripsi tersebut.

Symmetric Cryptography

Algoritma simetrik merupakan jenis algorima enkripsi yang paling umum dan paling tua. Algoritma ini disebut sebagai simetrik sebab kunci yang sama digunakan untuk enkripsi dan dekripsi. Berbeda halnya dengan kunci yang digunakan pada algoritma kunci publik, kunci yang digunakan pada simetrik key biasanya sering diubah-ubah. Oleh karena itu biasanya kunci pada simetrik key disebut sebagai session key, artinya kunci yang dipakai hanya pada satu sesi proses enkripsi.
Jika dibandingkan dengan algoritma kunci publik, algoritma simetrik key sangat cepat dan oleh karena itu lebih cocok jika digunakan untuk melakukan enkripsi data yang sangat besar. Salah satu algoritma simetrik yang dikenal adalah RC4 dan DES (Data Encryption Standar).
Protokol kriptografi modern pada saat ini banyak yang menggabungkan algoritma kunci publik dengan algoritma simetrik untuk memperoleh keunggulan-keunggulan pada masing-masing algoritma. Algoritma kunci publik digunakan untuk proses pertukaran session key yang berukuran kecil sekitar 16 bytes , sedangkang algoritma simetrik digunakan untuk melakukan enkripsi data yang sesungguhnya.

Enkripsi dan Dekripsi

Dengan menggunakan teknik enkripsi data, sebuah pesan text dapat dienkode sedemikian sehingga sangat tidak beraturan dan sulit untuk dikembalikan ke pesan asal tanpa kunci rahasia. Pesan tersebut dapt berupa ASCII, file database atau data apapun yang akan kita kirimkan atau kita simpan melalui media yang tidak aman. Dalam kontek kriptografi, plaintext adalah data yang belum di enktripsi sedangkan ciphertext adalah data yang telah dienkripsi.
Jika sebuah pesan telah dienkripsi maka pesan tersebut dapat disimpan atau ditransmisikan dalam media yang tidak aman namun tetap terjaga kerahasiannya. Kemudian, pesan tersebut dapat didekripsi kedalam bentuk aslinya. Ilustrasi proses tersebut dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah.

Pada saat pesan dienkripsi maka kunci enkripsi digunakan untuk proses tersebut. Hal ini analog dengan kunci yang biasa kita gunakan untuk mengunci gembok pintu. Untuk mendekripsikan pesan, maka kunci dekripsi yang cocok harus digunakan. Dalam hal ini, sangatlah penting untuk membatasi akses kepada kunci dekripsi, sebab semua orang yang dapat melihat kunci dekripsi berarti dapat pula mendekripsikan semua pesan yang telah dienkripsi dengan menggunakan kunci enkripsi yang bersesuaian.

Hash dan Digital Signature

Digital signature digunakan ketika kita ingin memberikan plaintext dan kita ingin bahwa penerima pesan mengetahui bahwa pesan tersebut datangnnya dari kita dan tidak ada perubahan apapund didalam pesan selama proses penyimpanan atau transmisi. Melakukan signing terhadap pesan tidak akan mengubah isi serta bentuk pesan tersebut, dan hasil sign dapat kita sisipkan atau kita simpan dalam bentuk lain untuk menyertai pesan asli.
Digital signature dapat dihasilkan dengan menggunakan algoritma kunci publik. Sebuah kunci privat digunakan untuk menghasilkan signature dan kunci publik yang bersesuaian digunakan untuk mevalidasi sign.
Digital signature memberikan keuntungan tambahan selain enkripsi. Dengan cara ini, pengguna dapat memperoleh jaminan bahwa pesan yang diterima berasal dari pemberi sign dan isinya tidak berubah sama seperti pada saat dilakukan sign. Dokumen dapat saja hanya diberi sign tanpa dienkripsi, akan tetapi satu hal yang harus kita ingat bahwa proses enkripsi yang baik selalu diawali dengan proses signing.
Sign digital dibuat dengan mengenkripsi hash dari dokumen dengan kunci privat. Hash dari dokumen biasanya merupakan sidik jari miniatur dari dokumen yang bersangkutan. Fungsi hash yang digunakan disini sama dengan fungsi hash yang digunakan sehari-hari dimana input berapapun akan menghasilkan output 16 byte (128 bit). Karena hash merupakan fungsi satu arah, maka sangat sulit untuk membuat dokumen lain yang memiliki hash string yang sama. Ilustrasi berikut ini menggambarkan proses signing.

Teknik kriptografi dengan menggunakan kunci publik akan tetap berkembang berdasarkan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan sistem keamanan data yang lebih tinggi. Dengan menggabungkan kekuatan enkripsi algoritma kunci publik dan kecepatan enkripsi algoritma simetrik maka akan diperoleh sistem enkripsi yang kuat dan memiliki proses yang cepat.

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